Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

Medicine knows more than 120 types of HPV, which are classified using different approaches. A summary table of the main types of virus, based on the results of large-scale screening tests, can be found at:

Symptoms	One type
Skin:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher warts	7
Epidermodysplasia warts	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Non-warty skin lesions	37, 38
Genital mucous membranes:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Nonondylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68. , 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Genital mucosal lesions:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to oncological hazard, localization and shape of skin growth.

1. Localization of the infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genitals in men and women, manifests itself with warts. Beta - it affects the surface layers of the epidermis, it occurs on the surface layers of the epidermis with classical warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, i. e. , its ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infections from the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Intermediate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66 Highrice - 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are classified into five main categories. Simple are the most common types of growth. During development, a warm-colored keratinized tubercle is formed. Warts are localized on the skin, both individually and in groups. They most often occur on the inside and outside of the hand, on the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Flat - dark in color and appears as small lumps on the skin. They usually appear on the upper body, less often on the genitals. They very often feel in adolescence with a defect in the immune system that occurs in the neck and arms. Pointed condylomas affect mucous membranes and fall into the category of oncogenic risk. Filiform - acrochord or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles - localized on internal organs. This category includes condylomas on the wall of the stomach and rectum, growth of the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High risk human papillomaviruses

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, the infection occurs through sexual and household contact. For many years, the virus can remain dormant and not manifest itself. It can be activated by various factors such as a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are particularly dangerous. This category includes:

• Mean oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses

Carcinogenic HPV is a serious threat, i. e. , viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The following genotypes are at risk: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of cancer of the genitals, uterus, anus, and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses are manifested in genital warts. Their appearance indicates medical help and removal of tumors.

Human papillomavirus

This infectious agent leads to the formation of heel and common warts. Very often, with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the legs that cause discomfort and pain to the wearer. Bumps may form on the back of the hands and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers, and toes.

This type of virus has low oncogenicity. However, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs have the ability to temporarily suspend their activity. The goal of treatment is to eliminate aesthetic problems, i. e. , to remove growth. In the future, therapy will be given to increase the immune system's defenses. Medicines that inhibit papillomatosis are mandatory.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral disease. Heel and common warts show. As the growths develop, they darken and get a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around a large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of calluses and calluses on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not pose a risk of malignant transformation. For treatment, surgical removal of the tumors is used with additional immunotherapy of the patient.

Human papillomavirus 5

It is responsible for the development of different types of growth. Most commonly, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of warts or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests as a large accumulation of warts. The condition develops in adolescence and lasts a lifetime. According to statistics, women are more likely to get sick than men.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVL) is essentially the epidermis with a unique predisposition to papillomavirus infection. In this case, HPV 5 has a high carcinogenicity, i. e. , there is a risk that the skin will develop into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small warty growths that merge into large lesions as they grow.
• Rashes appear on the face, back, neck, abdomen, and even the buttocks.
• When the skin is injured, linear wart structures appear at the site of the wound.
• The growths on the body and limbs are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

Type 6 HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. The neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble cauliflower in shape. This type of papillomavirus belongs to the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (condylomas).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

Treatment consists of antiviral and restorative therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced nutrition, enhanced immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called butcher warts or butcher warts appear on the skin. They represent painless, light brown growths that are most commonly localized on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher warts occur in people who come into frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through minor lesions. The growths appear in bulging, painless formations on the elbows and hands.

Human papillomavirus 11

Papillomavirus type 11 is most commonly diagnosed in women and manifests as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has low carcinogenicity, i. e. , it is not prone to malignancy.

Men and women who are sexually active and often change sexual partners are at risk for this disease. Infection can also occur with infections of other genitals. By infecting genome 11, the pathogen is incorporated into the human chromosome set, infecting carrier daughter cells.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• One or more rashes.
• The growth of women appears on the labia, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, and frenum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent localizations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal region.

Diagnosis is made according to the type of pouring devices, and this is not difficult. Complete destruction of the virus is impossible, but there are several therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. Special drugs are used for this. Cryodestruction techniques, laser therapy, and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin lesions.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection is based on adherence to contraceptive methods to prevent infection during intercourse. We also recommend strengthening the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Due to certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest as verruciform or wart epidermodysplasia. This condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. Refers to a genetic disorder.

Papillomavirus 12 requires a comprehensive diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to serious dermatological defects and serious complications. ¼ Transformation of the affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma is observed in patients.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses that is diagnosed in 60% of people is HPV 16 (human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus integrates into the DNA regions of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural anti-tumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, this 16th genotype is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has a high oncogenicity. Embedding in the human genome promotes the growth of benign tumors that gradually progress to cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis and the likelihood of malignancy of the neoplasms. Therapy consists of surgical removal of tumors, 2-3 antiviral and immunostimulatory medications. However, the fact that there are no drugs today that completely neutralize papillomavirus genotype 18 must be taken into account.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes epidermodysplasia verruciformis is HPV 21. However, it belongs to viruses with low carcinogenicity. It most commonly manifests as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Because the infection does not penetrate the bloodstream but only affects the skin, scratches on the epidermis and smear of mucous membranes are used for diagnosis. A complex treatment aimed at removing skin blemishes and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than a hundred papillomaviruses are known, including oncogenes, which can cause malignancies in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection with moderate carcinogenicity that leads to oncological changes due to certain factors.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Grade 2 and 3 neoplasia.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penis cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Keira erythroplasia.
• Dental complications.

Infection most commonly occurs during unprotected intercourse and poses the same risk to both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes in contact with an open wound or during the birth process, i. e. from mother to child.

Human papillomavirus 33

This type of HPV is most commonly diagnosed in women because it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Cervical dysplasia.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthroponic, the infection only occurs in humans. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts begin to develop on the genitals, along with painful symptoms.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous because of the malignancies that develop in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter does it cause serious problems.

The infection manifests itself in condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus, and oral cavity (the root of the tongue, the inside of the face). Infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Curing HPV 35 is not that simple, so special attention is paid to preventative measures: protected sex, a healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system, and more. In case of infection, the treatment consists of a series of techniques aimed at eliminating skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype poses a serious and life-threatening hazard as it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignancy. Women are most sensitive to HPV 39 as it leads to damage to the internal genitals. The infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection cannot manifest in any way for a long time, it grows by eating healthy tissues.

• External symptoms of infection include skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, the mucous membranes of the cervical canal, and the neck region.
• Less commonly, condylomas develop on the external genitalia as well as around the urethral outlet or near the anus.
• Tumors appear as single and multiple growths that resemble cauliflower outwardly.

Human papillomavirus 44

From an oncology point of view, HPV type 44 is not a hazard. In this case, the infection is manifested in genital warts and genital warts on the cervix and other important organs.

Skin growths are treated to eliminate aesthetic discomfort, i. e. , the neoplasms are removed. In addition, all patients are prescribed antiviral drugs and immunostimulants to suppress papilloma infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another member of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses at high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Infection occurs during unprotected intercourse. Man is a carrier of the virus, although he may not know about it. In women, the infection manifests as a warty increase in the genitals. The pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the time of infection to the development of a malignancy caused by HPV 45.

During diagnosis, PCR, oxygen testing, calcoscopy, biopsy, and cytology are performed to identify the pathogen genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV is a moderate oncogenic risk anogenital infection. The infection is mainly through sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva, or vagina in women.
• In men, malignancies of the anus and penis.
• Genital warts.
• Giant condyloma in Buschke-Levenshtein.

Urogenital smears should be given to 51 patients to diagnose HPV. It is used to clinically confirm the presence of infection in the body, genotyping, and assessing the risk of malignancy.

There are no drugs specifically designed to treat these types of infections. The goal of therapy is to prevent malignancies and mobilize the body’s anti-tumor immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over 35 years of age. Infection most commonly occurs during unprotected sex. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The virus cannot be completely cured, but through early diagnosis and proper therapy, cells can be protected from death and malignancies. For this, they take medicines for surgical removal of tumors, antiviral therapy and to strengthen the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 53

HPV 53 infection is possible through contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and therefore does not pose a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus may become dormant for a longer time. The effect of various factors, such as a weakening of the protective properties of the immune system, leads to activation. As a result, cells in the epidermis begin to actively divide, forming warty neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment with papillomavirus type 53 is limited to removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs, and boosting immunity.

Human papillomavirus 56

One type of human papillomavirus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Genital mucosal carcinoma.

The virus is dangerous for both women and men, causing genital warts and other neoplasms. The infection penetrates the body through the mucosa during unprotected sex or with open wound damage to the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy consists of taking antiviral drugs, surgical removal of tumors, and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures that protect the body from infection.

Human papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen is type 58 from the average risk category for malignant transformation. The infection belongs to the alpha group, ie it contributes to the appearance of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Condylomas of the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Once introduced into the body, it causes small dense and soft-textured growths. They can be light pink or brown depending on the location. This genotype is very often manifested in the neck, armpits, intestines, external and internal genitals, and bladder.

The risk of infection is due to the latent course of the infectious process. Because the pathogen can fall asleep for a long time. Timely diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications of human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papillomavirus 59

HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Certain factors can damage the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, provoking a pre-cancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs during unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less commonly during oral sex.

Often the infection does not manifest for a long time. But the appearance of skin growths and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts form on the external genitals and their mucous membranes.

Viral DNA and PCR are analyzed to diagnose the painful condition. Treatment consists of taking antiviral medicines to suppress the infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Very often, the appearance of warts and papillomas in the body is associated with infection with type 66 papillomavirus. In this case, the localization of skin growths is most inappropriate: axillary, perianal and periorbital region, perineum, mucous membranes of the genitals.

Typically, after infection, the infection subsides for a long time. But it is activated by certain factors. These factors include:

• Weakening of the immune system's defenses.
• An unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent exchange of sexual partners and unprotected intercourse.
• Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules.
• Frequent abortions and more.

Treatment for HPV 66 is aimed at removing skin growths and eliminating the factors that cause the infection to spread. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to increase immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease, and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

Studies have shown that HPV type 67 belongs to a virus with moderate oncological degeneration. That is, infection with this genotype can cause cancer-preventing conditions under certain conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. The infection is manifested in papilloma growths in the body. Increases may also develop in the mucous membranes of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 68

68 The HPV genotype has low oncogenicity and is manifested in skin growths with different localizations. The strong spread and frequent trauma of errors is dangerous. Because at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical attention, active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to carcinoma.